An African Alternative to Western Cosmological Argument Hopeless Reliance on Ontological Argument

on zalta on anselm’s ontological argument

oppenheimer and zalta, in a co-authored paper, argue that the anselm’s ontological argument can be formalized based on free logic and the concept of conceivability. according to their version, there are only two premises in anselm’s argument. we will argue that one can extend their formalization by introducing an argument for one of the two premises based on anselm’s text. we will also show tha...

cosmological argument in the west

cosmological argument has been one of the most significant philosophical and theological arguments in religious traditions of different religions. in the western theo-philosophical tradition, there have been both different interpretations and numerous criticisms presented about this argument. in this article, the most important of those arguments and their criticisms are both taken into conside...

Reflections on Gödel’s Ontological Argument

The Modal Ontological Argument

We know more today about the second, or so-called 'modal', version of St. Anselm's ontological argument than we did when Charles Hartshorne and Norman Malcolm brought it to the attention of philosophers some years ago. But there is still much to be learned. Criticisms of the modal ontological argument focus on its premises, namely (i) the claim that perfection, or maximal greatness, implies nec...

On the Kalam Cosmological Argument

This paper examines the Kalam cosmological argument, as put forward by William Craig. Craig infers the existence of a personal God from the supposedly finite past of the universe. The temporal finiteness of the universe is based upon philosophical arguments for the presumed impossibility of an actual infinity of past events and is confirmed by two lines of scientific evidence. The arguments aga...